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Easter: The End of the World Is History

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Introduction

We too often hold to the great truths of the resurrection of Jesus in a piecemeal fashion. We gather a bit here and a bit there, and the assemblage is generally orthodox. But this approach has resulted in some unfortunate gaps. The Lord is risen. He is risen indeed. But what does this mean here and now?

The Text

“But if the Spirit of him that raised up Jesus from the dead dwell in you, he that raised up Christ from the dead shall also quicken your mortal bodies by his Spirit that dwelleth in you . . . And not only they, but ourselves also, which have the firstfruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting for the adoption, to wit, the redemption of our body” (Rom. 8: 11, 23).

Summary of the Text

We will be dealing with the argument of Romans 8 in a few months, as we continue to work through the book. For the present, we simply want to place these comments from Paul into the broader context. First, we see that Jesus was raised from the dead by the power of the Holy Spirit (v. 11). This Spirit, the one who raised Jesus, is the same one who indwells Christians (v. 11). Being the same Spirit, He will certainly accomplish the same work. The one who raised Jesus was the Father, and He accomplished His work by means of the Spirit—the Spirit who dwells in us. The one who quickened Christ’s body is the one who will quicken our body. Not only will we be raised by the Spirit who lives in us, we long for that day of resurrection because of the Spirit who lives in us (v. 23). We are going to be raised because the principle of resurrection life has already been embedded in us, and that principle causes us to lean toward the day of resurrection. We groan, waiting for our final adoption, the redemption of the body, the final resurrection (v. 23). We do this in the same way that a pregnant woman groans, longing for the day of her delivery. Something within us is inexorably coming to fruition.

The Last Day Now

The Jews rightly expected the general resurrection of the dead to occur at the Last Day. “Martha saith unto him, I know that he shall rise again in the resurrection at the last day” (Jn. 11:24). Martha knew, and knew rightly, that her brother was goinng to be raised at the culmination of human history. What she and the others did not know is that God intended to start that resurrection early, in the raising of Jesus. When the Bible describes Jesus as the firstfruits of the resurrection (1 Cor. 15:20), or as the first born from among the dead (Col. 1:18), we are intended to see that His resurrection and ours are all part of the same event. God has intruded the events of the end of history into the middle of history. He did this because history, as it was going, was all messed up. God planted the glory of the end right in the middle. This means that, in the resurrection of the Christ, the end of the world is history.

If the history the world before Christ was a long, grim and terrible novel, God has wonderfully flipped ahead to the last chapter, while we were stuck in the middle of the book, and has written the denouement into the middle of the book, transforming the book entirely. Instead of endless ache and tragedy, we now have, in Pastor Leithart’s words, deep comedy.

All Glorified

One very important implication of this identification of Christ’s resurrection in the middle of history with ours at the end of it is that it banishes a very common, and very heterodox assumption among evangelical Christians. We believe in the bodily resurrection of Jesus, and know that those who don’t are liberals. They have denied the faith. If Christ is not raised, we are still in our sins. But what happened to Jesus is the same thing that will happen to us. And yet many Christians believe that their existence in the afterlife will be as some kind of ethereal, ghostly, floaty thing. No—your body will be raised. You will have hands and feet, glorified. You will have a torso, glorified. You will havelungs, heart, face and ribs, all restored, perfected, and glorified. We do not believe in the immortality of ghosts or mental essences, but rather in the resurrection of the body.

“And they gave him a piece of a broiled fish, and of an honeycomb. And he took it, and did eat before them” (Luke 24:42-43). “For our conversation is in heaven; from whence also we look for the Saviour, the Lord Jesus Christ: Who shall change our vile body, that it may be fashioned like unto his glorious body, according to the working whereby he is able even to subdue all things unto himself” (Phil. 3:20-21)

The Groaning of God

Now we must place all this in the context of Paul’s larger argument in Romans 8. The whole creation groans (v. 22). We, because we have the Spirit, groan also as we long for the day of resurrection (v. 23). And the Spirit helps us in our weakness—since we do not know yet what it will be like (as He does)—and He does this with groans too deep for words (v. 26). Now there are many lessons to be drawn from this, but for the time being, let us content ourselves with just one. The day of resurrection will include the world around you as much as it will include you. The created order is longing for the day of resurrection just as you are. Now note—it is not the case that you are longing for resurrection and the created order is longing for the oblivion of Nirvana. You are straining toward the same thing that the Sawtooth range, the Pacific Ocean, the Great Plains, the Crab Nebula, all the animals, and the grove of trees on that back acre of yours are longing for—the transformation and restoration of all things. This world will die, just as you will. But the world will also be raised, every bit as much as you will be. God is not saving you while writing off the world around you as a bad investment. He is in the process of saving it all.

God is not going to raise you to life again, and not giv e you somewhere to stand. He is not going to whisk you away to some alien place. Because of the blood of Jesus, in the resurrection of all things, a reconciliation between heaven and earth will be accomplished (Col. 1:20). This means that this world will be very much a part of what we now call Heaven. Nothing of value will ever be finally lost. When everything is gathered in, it will all be gathered in.

The Sky Above and Earth Below

The Lord has risen—He is risen indeed. But this is not just to be believed as an isolated datum. It is also to be preached, and the relevance of it to every living creature is to be pressed. In this glorious truth, we therefore see the salvation of history. We see the salvation of our mortal bodies, which will all be transformed in order to be conformed to the image of the First Man. And we see the restoration of the sky above and the earth below. When meditating on the future of our world, never make the mistake of thinking that our God will stint in His work.

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Romans 15: Father of Us All (4:9-16)

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Introduction

We rightly refer to father Abraham. He is the central model for us from the pages of the Old Testament, living out the implications of radical faith, faith at the root. As we walk in imitation of him, we are his children indeed. As we walk in imitation of him, we have the family resemblance that Jesus looked for in the Pharisees and did not find (John 8:39).

The Text

“Cometh this blessedness then upon the circumcision only, or upon the uncircumcision also? for we say that faith was reckoned to Abraham for righteousness . . .” (Rom. 4:9-16)

Summary of the Text

Remember where we are. The universal enemy of our souls is sin, and it afflicts Gentiles and Jews alike. The entire human race is shut up under sin, but God is not intervening at the last moment in a panic, trying to troubleshoot a problem that is beyond Him. He has been declaring His universal plan of salvation for the entire world through Abraham, and He has been doing so from the very first book of the Bible. God’s plan through Abraham is for everyone, and always has been. So is this Abrahamic blessing for Jews only (v. 9)? We can answer the question by remembering that faith was reckoned to Abraham for righteousness, and when did this happen (v. 10). Abraham was right with God through faith before he was circumcised (v. 10). He received circumcision after he received righteousness in order that uncircumcised Gentiles might consider him their father as well (v. 11). His circumcision was a seal after the fact. At the same time, he did get circumcised, so that he might be the father of a certain group of Jews—those who walk in the kind of faith that Abraham had while still uncircumcised (v. 12). For the promise that Abraham would inherit the world was a promise to be received through the righteousness of faith (v. 13), and was not to be received through the Torah. For if the Torah could do it for us, then both faith and promise are made void (v. 14). So the Torah can’t do it—but it can bring wrath. For if there is no law, there is no transgression of the law (v. 15). And so this is why the salvation of the world is by faith, so that it might be gracious (v. 16). This ensures that the promise extends to all Abraham’s seed—both those circumcised in infancy and those who share his faith only. This is what makes him the father of us all (v. 16).

An Abrahamic Timeline

The apostle Paul bases his argument here on the chronology of events, and so we need to be careful as we reconstruct that chronology ourselves. We have already noted that Abraham came out of the idolatrous city of Ur (Josh. 24:2), and that he had trusted in the one who justifies the ungodly, Abraham himself included (Rom. 4:5). This means that Abraham began as an idolatrous sinner. The first biblical mention of Abraham’s personal faith is when he left Ur of the Chaldees (Heb. 11:8). When he left his country, the Bible says that he obeyed God, and God told him to go in conjunction with the promise (Gen. 12:1-3). Abraham went, believing in that promise (Heb. 8-10). He was 75 when this happened. Then when God promised Abraham descendants like the stars, Abraham believed God and it was credited to him as righteousness (Gen. 15:5-6) . He was around 86 at this time. Twenty-four years after his departure from Ur, God established the covenant of circumcision with Abraham(Gen. 17:1-14). This means that Isaac was begotten when Abraham was circumcised, and Ishmael was not. Abraham spent 75 years as a sinner, 24 years as an uncircumcised believer in God, and 76 years as a circumcised believer (Gen. 25:7). This helps to put Paul’s timeline argument into perspective.

Abraham, The Believing Gentile

Paul is arguing that Abraham was a believer in the true God, and he was a true believer in the true God, for twenty four years. He was righteous, and he was not a Jew. He was righteous, and not a Jew for a long time. Gentiles (who had been promised to Abraham starting in Gen. 12) are therefore invited to look to him as their father in the faith. He had faith, and that’s all, and they had faith, and that’s all.

Is Circumcision Nothing Then?

As Paul might say, “May it never be!” Circumcision has value in many ways. But the central value is only for those who share the faith of Abraham. Note carefully how Paul limits this. The uncircumcised Abraham is father of the Gentiles, but only those Gentiles who believe. In the same way, he is the father of the Jews, but only those Jews who believe. He is very clear on this. He is the “father of circumcision to them who are not of the circumcision only, but who also walk in the steps of that faith of our father Abraham, which he had being yet uncircumcised” (v. 12, emphasis mine). In other words, a circumcised Jew who has faith may rise to the level of that famous Gentile Abraham. But if not, he does not.

Presbyterians and Baptists

Circumcision and baptism are not precise counterparts, but they are close (Col. 2:11). This being the case, let us reason by analogy. The thing that matters is true faith, faith that lives, walks, breathes, and loves. Did you take the sign of baptism after you believed? Then you are a credo-baptist the same way that Abraham was a credo-circumcisionist. Were you baptized in infancy? Then you are a paedobaptist the way that Isaac was a paedo-circumcisionist—provided you believe. If that is there, be fully convinced in your own mind, and don’t sweat it.

Heir of the World

All of the promises given to Abraham were pointing toward the same thing—a saved world. Scripture expresses this in many different ways, but all these expressions are directed at God’s love for all the nations of men. Abraham was looking for a city with foundations built by God (Heb. 11:10). Abraham looked forward to Christ’s day, he saw it and was glad (John 8:56). All the families of the earth would be blessed through him (Gen. 12:3). His descendants in the faith would be like the stars for number (Gen. 15:5). God would multiply Abraham exceedingly (Gen. 17: 2), and many nations would come from him (Gen. 17: 6). Paul interprets all this definitively when he says that the promise (expressed in these places) that he would inherit the world was set before him (and before us) as something to be obtained through the righteousness of faith. It was not for him, or for us, to be obtained through Torah. What is it that overcomes the world (1 John 5:4)? Is it not our faith?

Let us close with an observation on one other curiosity. In all the debates and wrangles over justification by faith, it is curious that many in our day are obsessed with believing in the way that Abraham believed, but they want to dispense (almost entirely) with what he believed. But we are told what to believe—that Jesus rose from the dead (Rom. 4:24)—but the entire context of this shows that in His resurrection we are to see the resurrection and salvation of the entire world.

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Romans 14: Blessed is the Man (4: 1-8)

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Introduction

The word imputation may seem like one of those technical-sounding theological words to make your head hurt, but it is really quite straightforward—and full of blessing.

The Text

“What shall we say then that Abraham our father, as pertaining to the flesh, hath found? For if Abraham were justified by works, he hath whereof to glory; but not before God. For what saith the scripture? Abraham believed God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness. Now to him that worketh is the reward not reckoned of grace, but of debt. But to him that worketh not, but believeth on him that justifieth the ungodly, his faith is counted for righteousness. Even as David also describeth the blessedness of the man, unto whom God imputeth righteousness without works, Saying, Blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven, and whose sins are covered. Blessed is the man to whom the Lord will not impute sin” (Rom. 4:1-8)

Summary of the Text

What did Abraham, our father, discover (v. 1)? He would have had something to boast about if he had been justified by works (v. 2). The problem is that this is not possible for any flesh, and so Abraham wouldn’t have been able to boast before God (v. 2). What does the Bible say about his justification? It says that Abraham believed God, and that this was reckoned to him, counted to him, imputed to him, as righteousness (v. 3). The basic division between works and grace is then outlined—work gets a paycheck, and this is the antithesis of grace (v. 4). But for the one who does not work, but instead believes in the one who justifies the ungodly, his faith is reckoned, counted, imputed to him for righteousness (v. 5). David describes the blessed condition of a man who has received this grace, and it is a two-fold grace. First, God imputes righteousness apart from works (v. 6). Paul then quotes the place where Davide says this (Ps. 32:1-2), and he does so to double effect. Blessed is the man whose sins are forgiven (v. 7), and whose sins are covered (v. 7). He continues—blessed is the man to whom the Lord does not impute sin (v. 8). We have two kinds of imputation here. The positive imputation of righteousness, and the non-imputation of sin.

How Can He Do That?

Remember that in chapter three, the apostle has established the basis for how God does this without ceasing to be holy. He is the God who wants to be just and the one who justifies. Reckoning, counting and imputing righteousness (apart from a propitiatory sacrifice offered by a genuine and lawful substitute) is acquitting the guilty without foundation, a thing that a holy God cannot and will not do. So this is why Jesus died and rose again—He did so as our representative. So fix it in your hearts and minds—Jesus did not die so that we might live. He died so that we might die, and He lives so that we might live.

Ungodly Abraham

Paul is here setting Abraham before us as the paradigm of faith, but in the Bible faith is always preceded by repentance. Abraham is our father in repentance, and not just in faith. He did all that we need to do (4:23), and we certainly need to repent. Here in v. 5, we see that Abraham (like us) was trusting in the God who justifies the ungodly. And last, the Bible is plain that Abraham was called out of idolatry and sin (Josh. 24:2). Abraham, the father of pilgrims, was himself a pilgrim.

A Direct Object Implied

We also have to take a moment to decipher some Pauline shorthand. He says here that Abraham’s belief of God was counted unto him for righteousness (v. 3). This is also a general truth—anyone who believes God has his faith counted for righteousness (v. 5). But does this mean that God is taking my faith (as imperfect as anything else I do), and treating that faith as my righteousness? No, not at all. The ground of our righteousness is the life and death of the Lord Jesus—our representative. That righteousness is apprehended by us using the instrument of faith.

When Jesus tells someone “your faith has saved you,” this is a comparable form of shorthand (Luke 7:50; 18:42). Of course, Jesus saved these people, and not their naked faith. We see the same thing here. The person who is justified here “believeth on him that justifieth the ungodly.” So faith counted as righteousness is short for faith in the representative substitute who is counted as that righteousness. Don’t fall into the trap of trying to have faith in your faith. Your isolated faith can’t justify anyone or anything.

A Triple Imputation

We must shake loose of our individualism. The problem is in the ism, not in the individual as such. True individuality does exist, but autonomous individuality does not. We are not individuals in the sense that marbles in a box are—we are like individual leaves on a tree. One differs from another, but they are all connected.

The connection is a covenantal one. There are two human races, and each one has a covenantal head, a federal head. Adam is the head of the first race, and Jesus is the head of the new human race, and there is a covenantal or imputational bridge between the two races—making it possible for us to transferred from the old humanity to the new. Here are the three great imputations. Adam sinned as your representative, and so his rebellion against God was imputed to you. In Adam, you rebelled against God. God in His mercy caused that original sin (in which you participated through your representative) and all your individual sins, to be imputed to Jesus Christ on the cross (2 Cor. 5: 21). This is the imputational bridge, and it is referred to here in our text (v. 8). And finally, God imputes the righteousness of the new Adam to every member of His race.

So Adam’s sin was yours. All your sins are Christ’s. And all Christ’s righteousness is now yours in the resurrection. Lift up your heads.

Grace and Works Cannot Mix

Works are connected to things that men would love to have, but which they cannot have. Men outside Christ would love to boast, but they cannot boast before God (v. 2). They would love to receive a reward in the judgment, a reward through which God pays them what He owes them—as a matter of debt (v. 4). Men love the idea of being a standard of righteousness unto themselves, and this is why they loathe and despise every form of free and sovereign grace. And free and sovereign grace repulses every form of works, striving, earning, moralistic tip-toeing, meriting, goody-two-shoeing, shucking or jiving.

But there is an up side. The reason you are saved at all is because you are saved by grace.

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Romans 13: The Just God Who Justifies (3:21-31)

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Introduction

If God failed to fulfill His promise to Abraham, then He would be unjust. If God fulfilled His promise by simply declaring that everyone was now justified, then He would be unjust under that circumstance as well. If He doesn’t save the nations, then He is unjust. If He saves the nations, then He is unjust. But He has declared His intention to Abraham to do this anyway—He will be true, even though every man fails. How will He be able to do that? This passage answers that question.

The Text

“But now the righteousness of God without the law is manifested, being witnessed by the law and the prophets; Even the righteousness of God which is by faith of Jesus Christ unto all and upon all them that believe: for there is no difference: For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God . . .” (Rom. 3:21-31).

Summary of the Text

The righteousness of God, His faithfulness to Abraham, is now manifested. The law and the prophets testify to this, and His righteousness is now manifested “apart from law” (v. 21). What do those who believe receive? Unto all and upon all that believe, this righteousness of God comes in the form of Jesus Christ’s faithful obedience (v. 22). There is no difference between Jew and Gentile (as we have learned), and so we see that all have sinned and come short of the glory of God (v. 23). But as they share in the dilemma, they share in the gospel that delivers them from the dilemma—justified freely by His grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus (v. 24). This Jesus was “set forth” to be a propitiation for those who have faith in His blood (v. 25). This propitiation (an averting of wrath) was necessary to vindicate God’s righteousness—His forbearance of sins in the past could have led to false conclusions (v. 25). This propitiation in the present time declares His righteousness—for the one who believes in Jesus, He may be both just and the one who justifies (v. 26). This kind of salvation excludes boasting because it excludes works (v. 27). This is why a man (Jew or Gentile) is justified by faith, apart from the deeds of the law (v. 28). The Jew is justified apart from Torah, and the Gentile is justified apart from natural law. This glorious provision of justification apart from law is given to both Jew and Gentile (v. 29). One God, one new mankind, one faith (v. 30). Does this mean the Torah was worthless? No, not at all. This fulfills the whole point of the Torah (v. 31), which was to prepare for the Messiah.

The Righteousness of God

The righteousness of God is not mediated to us directly. God promises to bring a Messiah, and His righteous word is fulfilled when He does so. And what does that Messiah do? He reveals or manifests the righteousness of God in two ways. First, God shows His righteousness by fulfilling His promise (v. 21). Second, God shows His righteousness by having His Son live a perfect, sinless life—God sent an Israelite who would finally live as Israel was required to live by the Torah (v. 22). He would be perfect. God shows His faithfulness by sending a Messiah who would be faithful on our behalf. Since all have been shut up into the same prisonhouse of sin (v. 23), it only makes sense that the key that will unlock that common prisonhouse will be the same key—the key of faith. Faith in what? Faith in whom? Faith in the righteous God who sent Jesus Christ to be faithful on our behalf (v. 22).

Falling Short of Glory

It is important for us to note that Paul is talking about the salvation of the world. He does not have a truncated focus, that of trying to get a handful of individual souls into heaven when they die. Now it is just fine to go to heaven when you die, and you have the church’s blessing for those of you who want to do so. But the salvation plan that Paul is outlining here is nothing less than a restoration of Eden, and a great deal more than that (Rom. 5:20). Eye has not seen, ear has not heard, and it has not yet penetrated the heart of man . . . what God has in store for us. But all of it is connected in some way to that word glory.

A Cluster of Salvation Words

Too often we just lump all the biblical words together that describe some aspect of our salvation, and treat them as though they were synonyns. But they are not. So here is a brief glossary. The words justify and righteousness are, in the Greek, part of the same dikai-word group. When someone is justified, he has been declared righteous—in the courtroom sense of that word. Redemption refers to a purchase (v. 24), the purchase price being the blood of Jesus Christ (v. 25). The word propitiation means the “satisfaction or averting of wrath.” So Christ in His death was a propititation, a substitutionary sacrifice, and His blood was the redemption payment. Because He died, the holy wrath that was due to sin was fully satisfied, and it became possible for a holy God to declare “not guilty” over those who were . . . guilty.

Declaration of Righteousness

We have two declarations of righteousness going on here. One is the declaration of our righteousness, our vindication in the courtroom of God’s justice. This is what is meant by justification, a verdict which we appropriate by faith alone. But there is another declaration, mentioned in both vv. 25 & 26. God is declaring His righteousness, not simply because the Messiah showed up as promised, but because the Messiah died as a propitiation. Why was this necessary? Well, because God in His forebearance had left previous sins unpunished (v. 25). The cross is the declaration of God’s righteousness, in that all our sin is now dealt with. When sin in the past is remitted, and when our sin in the present is remitted, the question arises: how can a holy God do that?

The Just God Who Justifies

Unbelievers like to pretend that the great moral dilemma is “how a loving God could send anyone to Hell.” But that is not a real problem. It doesn’t even approximate a problem. He could do that by giving everyone their paycheck. The wages of sin is death. The real problem, the one requiring the death of Jesus as a solution, is how a holy God can let anyone into heaven. And this is the place where Paul describes how it works. God wants to declare His righteousness two ways. He wants to declare that He is just and the one who justifies. He could be just and damn us all. He could forgive us in a boys-will-be-boys kind of way, but that would make Him unjust along with us. The gospel is found in that glorious word and.

Faith, Not Works

If we are saved in this fashion, what is excluded (v. 27)? Faith in the death of Jesus excludes boasting. We are justified by faith alone, and not by any form of scurrying around (v. 28). To go any other way would exclude the Gentiles, who did not have the Torah, and it would also, incidentally, exclude the Jews, who did not keep Torah (v. 29). God is the God of both groups. We worship and serve one God, who has made one justified people, and there is one way to become a member of that people. That one way is faith (v. 30).

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Romans 12: That Every Mouth May Be Stopped (Romans 3:9-23)

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Introduction

One difficulty that presents itself while working through a book like Romans in small segments is that it is very hard to find a place to stop . . . becauses Paul frequently doesn’t stop. This week we need to run a little ahead and stop in mid-thought, and next week we will back up in order to be able to finish the thought. And that thought revolves around the connection to being shut up under sin without one thing to say, on the one hand, and God’s intent to justify us fully and freely, on the other hand.

The Text

“What then? are we better than they? No, in no wise: for we have before proved both Jews and Gentiles, that they are all under sin; As it is written, There is none righteous, no, not one . . .” (Rom. 3:9-23).

Summary of the Text

Paul has been comparing Gentiles with Jews, and so he now asks if the Jews are better than the Gentiles (v. 9). The astonishing answer is that they are not—he has already proved that Jews and Gentiles are “all under sin” (v. 9). He then launches into a string of quotations from the Old Testament Scriptures that make the point bluntly enough. Verses 10b-11 are from Psalm 14:1-3, Ps. 53:1-3, and cf. Eccles. 7:20. The first part of the next verse (v. 13) is from Psalm 5:9. The second half of that verse (v. 13) is from Psalm 140:3. Verse 14 is Psalm 10:7. The next two verses are from Isaiah 59:7-8. The last component in this string of quotations is Psalm 36:1. The resultant picture is quite grim.

These citations are all from the law, and so Paul quite rightly points that they are directed to those who are in fact under the law (v. 19). The point of doing this is to shut every mouth, Jewish and Gentile mouths alike, and establish the whole world as guilty before God (v. 19). So this is why law is excluded as a way of justification for all men (not just for Jews). No flesh will be justified by law—law simply brings us a knowledge of the problem. The speed limit sign has no control over your gas pedal. But now there is a righteousness of God that the law and prophets testified to, but which is manifested “without the law” (v. 21). This righteousness of God is embodied in the faithful obedience of Jesus Christ (v. 22), and this righteousness of God is “unto all and upon all” that believe (v. 22). There is no difference in their gospels (v. 22) because there is no difference in their plight (v. 23).

Paul Cites the Contexts Also

Note first that for Paul “the law” which shut the Jews up under sin was not limited to the Torah—it included the entire Old Testament. His citations here don’t include anything from the Mosaic books, the Torah proper. He quotes from Psalms and Isaiah, and says that the result is moral instruction from “the law” addressed to Jews “under the law.”

Psalm 14 makes a distinction between the “workers of iniquity” and “my people.” The same in Psalm 53, although the initial judgment is made against all the “children of men.” The hat tip to Ecclesiastes 7:20 says that there is no such thing as a just man on the earth. Psalm 5 makes a distinction between those who do evil and those who put their trust in God. Psalm 140 makes a distinction between the wicked and the afflicted, poor, and righteous. Psalm 10 makes a distinction between the wicked on the one hand and the poor and humble on the other. The passage from Isaiah assumes an apostate and unfaithful Israel. Psalm 36 makes a distinction between the wicked and the “upright in heart.”

Put This Together

The string of citations is directed aimed by Paul at those “under the law,” and he says quite clearly that he is talking about them. This means that the primary application of these citations from the Old Testament are directed against Jews, against members of God’s covenant family. But what are we to do with all the references to the righteous and upright within Israel, standing in contrast to these wicked ones? Does this condemnation not apply to them? Not at all—they are righteous because they accept what Paul says here as being applicable to them. The wicked reject it—that’s how we can tell who they are. Paul makes a clear distinction within Israel between the sons of Sarah and the sons of Hagar. The sons of Sarah are those who admit that they are by nature sons of Hagar. We are (all of us) by nature objects of wrath (Eph. 2:3)

All in the Same Boat

Paul expects us to reason from the Jews to the whole world by extension. If the Jews cannot be justified in this way, then nobody can be. God says these things to the Jews so that every mouth will be stopped, and the whole world will be guilty.

Knowledge of Sin

The law, whether found in the Torah, or cited elsewhere in the Old Testament, or seen in the stars, or found in the conscience of a Gentile, is incapable of bringing a declaration of righteousness. The law, in whatever permutation, is simply a messenger of trouble. It is not a savior. It is not a ladder to heaven. It is not a way of making you better than others. God gave it as a surefire instrument of making you worse (Rom. 3:20;Rom. 5:20). All you good little Christian kids, growing up in a conservative church with strong family values, take note.

The Righteousness of God

The righteousness of God is mentioned twice here (vv. 21, 22). One theologian in the school of thought called the New Perspective on Paul says that this cannot refer to the imputed righteousness of Christ, but rather must refer to the covenant faithful of God the Father keeping His promise to Abraham. But this is a false dichotomy. It must be both. If it were just the latter, then why would Paul have added “without the law” (v. 21). Why would God have to fulfill His promise to Abraham without relying on the law? This is talking about His righteousness becoming ours without us having to keep the law. And then his comment in v. 22 cinches the point. What is the destination of the righteousness of God? It is “unto all and upon all” that believe. What is the mediating mechanism of this righteousness of God’s? It is the faithful obedience (rightousness) of Jesus Christ.

All In the Same Boat

In his Institutes, John Calvin makes a wonderful point about the nature of self-knowledge. He says that we do not know ourselves rightly unless we have grasped two things. The first is the primal greatness of man—what we were created to be, and what we were before the Fall. The second is a knowledge of how great our fall has been. When we learn this, we have learned the first lesson of the gospel—all have sinned. All have fallen short of the glory of God. This truly humbles us, and prepares the way for us to be lifted up in the resurrection of Jesus Christ.

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